Understanding Anxiety and Depression in Pets: A Guide for Caring Owners

Just like us, our pets can face emotional struggles. Dogs, cats, and even small companions like rabbits or parrots are capable of feeling anxious, stressed, or even depressed. Because they cannot talk to us with words, it’s our job as loving caregivers to recognize the signs and help them through difficult emotions.

Learning how to identify anxiety or depression in your pet is the first step in making sure they feel safe, supported, and loved. Let’s walk through what these conditions look like, why they develop, and what you can do to help your pet feel better.

What Is Pet Anxiety?

Anxiety is a feeling of fear, nervousness, or unease about a real or imagined threat. In pets, it can appear occasionally (like during a thunderstorm) or become more frequent and disruptive to daily life.

Common Causes of Pet Anxiety

• Being left alone (separation anxiety) (American Kennel Club, 2023)
• Loud noises such as fireworks or storms (Sherman & Mills, Veterinary Clinics of North America, 2008)
• Sudden changes in environment or daily routine (Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2024)
• Meeting new people, pets, or being in crowded spaces
• Previous trauma, neglect, or abandonment (Overall, 2013)
• Lack of physical or mental stimulation (American Veterinary Medical Association, 2019)

What Is Pet Depression?

Although less studied than anxiety, veterinary experts agree that pets can show depression-like symptoms after major emotional or environmental changes. Depression often involves low energy, withdrawal from activities, and behavior changes that resemble sadness in people.

Common Causes of Pet Depression

• Loss of a companion pet or a beloved person (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [ASPCA], 2022)
• Big life changes, such as moving homes or schedule disruptions
• Prolonged boredom or loneliness (MSPCA-Angell, 2021)
• Physical illness or chronic pain (Mills & Estelles, 2016)
• Emotional contagion—pets may mirror their owner’s stress or sadness (Custance & Mayer, Animal Cognition, 2012)

Signs of Anxiety in Pets

Here are some signs that your pet may be struggling with anxiety:

1. Restlessness or pacing – inability to relax (Landsberg et al., Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat, 2013)
2. Hiding or escape attempts – fleeing to closets, corners, or doors
3. Panting, trembling, or wide eyes – especially common in dogs during storms
4. Destructive behaviors – scratching, chewing, or tearing items when left alone (common in separation anxiety)
5. Excessive vocalization – barking, howling, or meowing more than usual
6. Accidents indoors – especially if previously well-trained

Signs of Depression in Pets

Depression can be subtler than anxiety, but look for these changes:

1. Low energy or excessive sleep
2. Disinterest in toys, treats, or play
3. Decreased appetite or water intake
4. Withdrawal from family members or pets
5. Soft vocalizations – whining, whimpering, or quiet meows

Anxiety vs. Depression: How to Tell

• Anxious pets may appear restless, hyper-alert, or distressed.
• Depressed pets often appear fatigued, withdrawn, or uninterested.
  It’s also possible for pets to experience both at the same time (Sherman & Mills, 2008).

When to See a Veterinarian

Any sudden or lingering change in behavior should be taken seriously. Because medical conditions can mimic emotional distress, a veterinary exam is essential to rule out pain, illness, or infection (Cornell University CVM, 2024).

Call your veterinarian if:

• Your pet refuses to eat or drink for more than 24 hours
• You notice aggression, withdrawal, or bathroom habit changes
• Grooming, sleeping, or daily patterns shift noticeably
• Behavior changes last longer than a few days or worsen

Veterinarians may recommend medical tests, training strategies, or in some cases, short-term medication to help promote emotional balance.

What You Can Do at Home

Fortunately, there are many simple, loving ways to help your pet feel more secure and happy:

1. Keep a Routine – Pets thrive on predictable schedules for feeding, walks, and playtime.
2. Offer Exercise and Play – Daily activity reduces stress hormones and builds confidence (Overall, 2013).
3. Create a Safe Space – Provide a cozy crate, covered bed, or corner with blankets and toys.
4. Use Calming Tools – Products like pheromone diffusers, calming vests, or soothing background music may help (Landsberg et al., 2013).
5. Provide Mental Stimulation – Puzzle feeders, training games, or scent work encourage focus and prevent boredom.
6. Spend Quality Time Together – Sit with your pet, talk in a calm voice, or gently pet them. Loving presence is powerful.

Consider Professional Support

If your pet’s symptoms don’t improve, an animal behaviorist or trainer certified in behavior modification can help create a customized plan. In some cases, medication prescribed by a veterinarian may also be recommended in combination with behavioral training (Overall, 2013).

Patience and Compassion Are Key

Helping a pet through anxiety or depression takes time—it’s a journey, not a quick fix. The best things you can provide are patience, consistency, and unconditional love. With your support (and possibly guidance from your vet), most pets can recover and return to their joyful selves.

Final Thoughts

You know your pet better than anyone. If they’re acting differently, trust your instincts and seek help early. Anxiety and depression in pets are real but treatable conditions. With attentiveness, care, and professional support when needed, you can guide your pet through tough times and ensure they feel safe, loved, and understood.

References

• American Veterinary Medical Association (2019). Behavioral health in animals.
• American Kennel Club (2023). Understanding dog anxiety: Causes and symptoms.
• ASPCA (2022). Understanding pet grief and depression.
• Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine (2024). Behavior problems in pets.
• Custance, D. & Mayer, J. (2012). Empathic-like responses in dogs. Animal Cognition, 15(5).
• Landsberg, G. et al. (2013). Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat. Elsevier.
• Mills, D. & Estelles, M. (2016). Practical perspectives on veterinary behavioral medicine.
• MSPCA-Angell (2021). Depression in pets.
• Overall, K. (2013). Manual of Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Dogs and Cats. Elsevier.
• Sherman, B.L. & Mills, D.S. (2008). Canine anxiety and phobias: An update. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 38(5).

Related Topics:

How do animal-assisted therapies compare to drug treatments for depression and anxiety?

Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) and medication are two proven pathways for treating depression and anxiety, but they take different approaches and can offer unique benefits. Here’s how they compare based on research:

Effectiveness

• Animal-assisted therapy:
  AAT—such as sessions with therapy dogs—has shown significant and measurable reductions in anxiety and depression for both children and adults. For example, a 2024 meta-analysis of clinical trials found AAT to be equally or even more effective than established interventions, including some pharmacological treatments, in reducing stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression. Results were particularly strong across diverse populations and healthcare settings, with improved emotional well-being, lowered anxiety, and greater social interaction.
• Drug treatments:
  Medications like antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs are widely used and well-supported for treating moderate to severe depression or anxiety in both humans and pets. These treatments may deliver faster symptom relief and are vital in more severe cases or when therapy alone is not sufficient. However, medications can have side effects such as drowsiness, digestive issues, or changes in behavior and require careful monitoring.

Side Effects and Risks

• AAT:
  Animal-assisted therapy is generally safe and associated with few, if any, side effects. The main considerations are proper training and animal care to avoid allergies or phobias. Some individuals who are fearful of animals may not benefit and should be assessed before participating.
• Medication:
  Antidepressants and anxiolytics can cause side effects including sedation, gastrointestinal upset, changes in appetite, and in rare cases, paradoxical excitement or withdrawal symptoms. Regular veterinary supervision is needed for pets on medication.

Unique Benefits

• AAT:
  Provides emotional support, unconditional affection, and can promote social interaction and a sense of empowerment. In some studies, AAT not only reduced symptoms but improved treatment engagement and quality of life, especially for people or pets who are lonely or need companionship.
• Medication:
  Delivers predictable biochemical effects and is sometimes the only viable option for severe, treatment-resistant cases.

Integration

In practice, many veterinarians and therapists recommend a combination of animal-assisted therapy and medication, tailored to the patient’s or pet’s needs. For some, AAT can be used alongside drugs or as a step toward reducing medication use if symptoms improve.

Summary Table

Approach	Strengths	Considerations
Animal-Assisted Therapy	Emotional support, minimal side effects, increases social interaction	May not suit those fearful of animals; relies on animal availability
Medication	Rapid symptomatic relief, proven efficacy for severe cases	Side effects common; requires close monitoring

Bottom Line:
Animal-assisted therapy is a powerful intervention for depression and anxiety—sometimes matching or outperforming medication—especially for mild to moderate cases. In more severe cases, medications may be essential, but combining both approaches can provide the most comprehensive and compassionate care for people and pets.

If you’re exploring options for yourself or for your pet, consult with your healthcare provider or veterinarian to find the right balance of therapies for your individual situation.

What specific psychiatric conditions benefit most from pet therapy?

Pet therapy, or animal-assisted therapy, has shown benefits for several specific psychiatric conditions, according to recent clinical research and reviews:

• Depression: Many studies show pet therapy can lift mood and reduce the severity of depressive symptoms, especially in older adults, people in long-term care settings, and those who struggle to open up in traditional therapy.
• Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders: Interaction with animals can help manage anxiety, stress, and related disorders, resulting in measurable reductions in cortisol (a stress hormone) and improvements in emotional well-being in both adults and children.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Animal-assisted therapy has been used successfully for individuals with PTSD, helping reduce symptoms and serving as emotional support.
• Schizophrenia: Pet therapy may improve social function, communication skills, and quality of life in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Some studies report reduced psychiatric symptoms and stress levels in both younger and older patients with this condition.
• Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Structured interactions with therapy animals help enhance socio-communicative and interactive skills among children with ASD, fostering improved emotional regulation and social skills.
• Bipolar Disorder and Other Severe Mental Illnesses: Pet therapy provides empathy, social connection, and empowerment, assisting those with serious mental health issues in their recovery process.
• Attention Disorders: Animal-assisted interventions can be helpful in improving interactive skills, focus, and motivation, particularly in children with ADHD.

Overall, conditions that involve emotional dysregulation, loneliness, social withdrawal, or difficulties in communication tend to benefit most from pet therapy. While pet therapy is often used as a complement to other treatments, it can be particularly impactful for individuals who have trouble engaging in or responding to conventional psychiatric care, or who need extra motivation and social encouragement to participate in daily activities.

Are robotic pets as effective as live animals in mental health interventions?

Robotic pets have been studied as alternatives to live animals in mental health interventions—especially for people who cannot interact with live pets due to allergies, mobility limits, or facility restrictions. Research suggests:

• Robotic pets do provide emotional and psychological benefits such as reduced depression and loneliness, and increased engagement—especially for older adults and those with dementia.
• Compared to live animals, robotic companion pets can improve mood and alleviate agitation, but the effects may not match the depth and reciprocity of the human-animal bond found with real pets. For example, robotic pets can simulate interaction, but cannot respond to human emotions or body language in real time as live animals do.
• Studies show similar improvements in agitation for individuals with dementia using robotic pets, with some research showing nearly comparable benefits in social facilitation and comfort.
• Limitations: The novelty effect of robotic pets may wear off quicker, and some individuals may find them less comforting or engaging compared to live animals. The lack of live feedback and genuine affection can make the bond feel “one-way.” Quality of life improvements can be less consistent compared to interventions with live animals.

In summary:
Robotic pets are promising and sometimes nearly as effective as live animals for alleviating loneliness, depression, and agitation, particularly when live animals aren’t an option—like during COVID-19 lockdowns or in high-risk care settings. However, real animals often provide deeper emotional connection and more intuitive, reciprocal interactions, which may result in more sustained benefits for some individuals.

What are the long-term effects of animal-assisted therapy on mental health?

Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) can provide meaningful long-term benefits for mental health—supported by multiple studies across various age groups and clinical settings:

• Consistent Symptom Reduction: Long-term AAT participation has been linked to ongoing decreases in depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD symptoms. These improvements can persist well after therapy ends, helping individuals maintain a more stable mood and lower levels of psychological distress.
• Improved Quality of Life: Regular interaction with therapy animals increases social engagement, emotional regulation, and activities of daily living. Patients report higher satisfaction with life, better psychological wellbeing, and enhanced feelings of security, comfort, and motivation over several months to years.
• Physical Health Impact: AAT can result in physiological benefits such as lower blood pressure and cortisol (stress hormone) levels and increased oxytocin—which further contribute to sustained improvements in mental well-being.
• Positive Emotional and Social Effects: Many recipients become more socially involved, communicative, and motivated. Relationships formed during AAT, combined with the animal’s unconditional positive regard, tend to reinforce behavioral progress and promote ongoing recovery.
• Better Treatment Engagement: AAT increases adherence to therapy sessions and decreases dropout rates. Patients often feel more motivated and safe during therapy, which can help them stick with longer-term mental health treatments.
• Broad Effectiveness: Benefits are observed across populations, including children with autism, adults with psychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder), and elderly people managing loneliness and depression.
• Sustained Effects, But Variable: While many studies show positive outcomes maintained over time, the durability of these effects can vary depending on diagnosis, frequency of therapy, and individual factors. Some studies highlight the need for ongoing or periodic AAT to sustain the benefits.

In summary, animal-assisted therapy offers enduring advantages for mental health—by reducing anxiety and depression, increasing life satisfaction, supporting meaningful social interactions, and helping people feel better physically and emotionally, even years after initial treatment.

How does pet therapy influence social skills in children with autism?

Animal-assisted therapy—whether with dogs, cats, or other animals—meaningfully improves social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here’s how:

• Increased Social Interaction:
  Multiple studies have shown that incorporating animals into therapy sessions leads to more positive social behaviors, such as initiating contact, responding to social cues, and maintaining eye contact. These interactions help children with autism approach peers and adults more readily, reducing social withdrawal and increasing motivation to engage.
• Enhanced Communication:
  Animals offer a gentle, non-judgmental presence that encourages both verbal and nonverbal communication. Therapy animals motivate children to express themselves, practice language skills, and respond appropriately to others’ gestures and emotions.
• Improved Emotional Regulation:
  Petting, playing, and caring for animals can calm children with autism, ease anxiety, and promote self-soothing—helping prevent emotional meltdowns and improve their capacity for emotional expression.
• Reduction in Repetitive Behaviors and Isolation:
  Children participating in animal-assisted social skills interventions display fewer repetitive behaviors and feel less isolated or depressed. They also report greater enjoyment during therapy activities and a stronger sense of connection.
• School and Daily Life Benefits:
  Presence of animals in classrooms and therapy settings increases children’s interest in attending school, facilitates more positive group dynamics, and boosts overall quality of life.
• Building Empathy and Confidence:
  Caring for animals fosters empathy and compassion, teaching children to consider the feelings and needs of another being. The unconditional acceptance of animals helps children develop self-confidence in social situations.

In summary, pet therapy is a powerful tool for enhancing social and communication skills in children with autism, supporting emotional well-being, and making social learning more engaging and rewarding.